學英語，要學點語言學

　　語言學是對語言的系統研究，對于一個學習英語的人來說，應該懂一點語言學的知識，它可以在理論上對學習語言有指導作用。

　　I. Introduction

　　1. What is Language

　　Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

　　2. What is Linguistics(語言學)

　　Linguistics is the scientific study of language.

　　3.Some Basic Distinctions(區分) in Linguistics.

　　3.1 Speech and Writing

　　One general principle(原則) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范疇) and uses that speech does not have.

　　3.2 Deive(描述性) or Preive(說明性)

　　A linguistic study is deive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is preive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior.

　　3.3 Synchronic(共時) and Diachronic(歷時) Studies

　　The deion of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The deion of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.

　　3.4 Langue(語言) and Parole(言語)

　　This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索緒爾)early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(實際的) language, or realization of langue.

　　3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行為)

　　Competence is the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(發聲).

　　4.The Scope of Linguistics

　　General linguistics is the study of language as a whole.

　　Phonetics(語音學) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their deion, classification and tranion.

　　Phonolog

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